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ETHIOPIA
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Acknowledgments
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Preface
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Country Profile
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COUNTRY
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GEOGRAPHY
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SOCIETY
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ECONOMY
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TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
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GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
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NATIONAL SECURITY
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Introduction
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Chapter 1. Historical Setting
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Origins and the Early Periods
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Early Populations and Neighboring States
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The Aksumite State
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Ethiopia and the Early Islamic Period
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The Zagwe Dynasty
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The "Restoration" of the "Solomonic" Line
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Amhara Ascendancy
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The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power
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Growth of Regional Muslim States
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Oromo Migrations and Their Impact
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Contact with European Christendom
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The Making of Modern Ethiopia
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The Reestablishment of the Ethiopian Monarchy
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From Tewodros II to Menelik II, 1855-89
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The Reign of Menelik II, 1889-1913
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The Interregnum
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Haile Selassie: The Prewar Period, 1930-36
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Italian Rule and World War II
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Italian Administration in Eritrea
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Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation
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Ethiopia in World War II
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The Postwar Period, 1945-60: Reform and Opposition
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Change and Resistance
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Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution
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The Attempted Coup of 1960 and Its Aftermath
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Growth of Secessionist Threats
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The Liberation Struggle in Eritrea
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Discontent in Tigray
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The Ogaden and the Haud
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Revolution and Military Government
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Background to Revolution, 1960-74
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The Establishment of the Derg
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The Struggle for Power, 1974-77
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Ethiopia's Road to Socialism
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The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact
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Political Struggles Within the Government
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War in the Ogaden and the Turn to the Soviet Union
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Eritrean and Tigrayan Insurgencies
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Social and Political Changes
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Ethiopia in Crisis: Famine and Its Aftermath,1984-88
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Famine and Economic Collapse
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Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray
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The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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Changes in Soviet Policy and New International Horizons
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Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
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Physical Setting
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Boundaries: International and Administrative
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Topography and Drainage
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Climate
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Population
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Size, Distribution, and Growth
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Urbanization
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Resettlement and Villagization
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Refugees, Drought, and Famine
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Ethiopia's Peoples
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Ethnic Groups, Ethnicity, and Language
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Ethio-Semitic Language Groups
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Cushitic Language Groups
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Omotic Language Groups
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Nilo-Saharan Language Groups
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Occupational Castes
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Ethnic and Social Relations
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Interethnic Relations
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Social Relations
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Social System
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Rural Society
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Urban Society
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The Role of Women
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Religious Life
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Demography and Geography of Religious Affiliation
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Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
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Organization of the Church and the Clergy
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Faith and Practice
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Islam
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Basic Teachings of Islam
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Local Character of Belief and Practice
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Indigenous Religions
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Foreign Missions
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Education
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Education During Imperial Rule
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Primary and Secondary Education since 1975
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Higher and Vocational Education since 1975
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Literacy
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Foreign Educational Assistance
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Health and Welfare
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Chapter 3. The Economy
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Growth and Structure of the Economy
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Developments up to l974
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Postrevolution Period
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Role of Government
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The Budgetary Process
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Revenue and Expenditures
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Banking and Monetary Policy
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Labor Force
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Unemployment
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Labor Unions
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Wages and Prices
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Agriculture
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Land Use and Land Reform
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Land Use
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Land Reform
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Government Rural Programs
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Peasant Associations and Rural Devlopment
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Cooperatives and State Farms
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Resettlement and Villagization
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Agricultural Production
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Major Cash Crops
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Major Staple Crops
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Livestock
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Fishing
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Forestry
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Government Marketing Operations
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Industry and Energy
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Manufacturing
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Industrial Development Policy
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Energy Resources
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Mining
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Transportation and Telecommunications
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Roads
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Railroads
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Ports
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Air Transport
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Telecommunications
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Foreign Trade
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Exports
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Imports
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Balance of Payments and Foreign Assistance
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Economic Prospects
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Chapter 4. Government and Politics
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The Workers' Party of Ethiopia
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Toward Party Formation
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The Vanguard Party
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The 1987 Constitution
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The Social Order
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Citizenship, Freedoms, Rights, and Duties
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National Shengo (National Assembly)
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Council of State
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The President
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Council of Ministers
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Judicial System
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Regional and Local Government
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Regional Administration
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Peasant Associations
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Kebeles
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Civil Service
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The Politics of Development
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The Politics of Drought and Famine
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The Politics of Resettlement
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The Politics of Villagization
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Political Dynamics
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Political Participation and Repression
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The Eritrean Movement
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Eritrea and the Imperial Regime
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Eritrea and the Mengistu Regime
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The Tigrayan Movement
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Other Movements and Fronts
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Oromo Groups
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Afar Groups
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Somali Groups
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Leftist Groups
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Regime Stability and Peace Negotiations
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Mass Media
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Foreign Policy
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Diplomacy and State Building in Imperial Ethiopia
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The Foreign Policy of the Derg
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The Derg, the Soviet Union, and the Communist World
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The Derg and the West
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Ethiopia's Border Politics
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Addis Ababa and the Middle East
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The Demise of the Military Government
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Chapter 5. National Security
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Military Tradition in National Life
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The Armed Forces
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The 1987 Constitution and the Armed Forces
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Command and Force Structure
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Army
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Air Force
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Navy
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People's Militia
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Training
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Morale and Discipline
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Manpower Considerations
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Defense Costs
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Foreign Military Assistance
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United States
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Soviet Union
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Cuba
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East Germany
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North Korea
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Israel
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External and Internal Opponents
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The Eritreans
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The Tigray
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The Oromo
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The Somali
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Public Order and Internal Security
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The National Police
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People's Protection Brigades
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Crime and Punishment
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The Legal System
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Prisons
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Human Rights
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Appendix. Tables
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Bibliography
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Glossary
ETHIOPIA - A Country Study
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